Techniques and accuracy of thoracolumbar pedicle screw placement

Table 6 Studies comparing navigation methods to either free-hand or fluoroscopic methods

	Most common pathology	Screw location	Method	Patients(n)	Screws(n)	Revisionrate (%)	Accuracy(%)	Method	Patients(n)	Screws(n)	Revisionrate (%)	Accuracy(%)	Studydesign
Amiot et al[34], 2000	Degenerative disease	T2-S1	CT-navigation	50	294	0	95	Fluoroscopy	100	544	2	85.0	R, P
Laine et al[63], 2000	Spinal stenosis	T8-S1	CT-navigation	41	219	4 (intraop)	95.4	Freehand	50	277	0 (intraop)	86.8	P
Rajasekaran et al[56], 2006	Deformity	T1-T12	Fluoroscopy-navigation	17	242	N/A	98	Fluoroscopy	16	236	N/A	77.0	P
Merloz et al[35], 2007	Trauma and degenerative disease	T8-L5	Fluoroscopy-navigation	26	140	N/A	95	Fluoroscopy	26	138	N/A	87.0	R
Tormenti et al[64], 2010	Deformity	T1-S1	CT- navigation	12	164	0	98.8	Fluoroscopy	14	211	7.1	94.8	R
Shin et al[65], 2013	Degenerative disease	T9-S1	O-arm navigation	20	124	5 (intraop)	91.9	Fluoroscopy	20	138	5 (postop)	87.7	P
Waschke et al[66], 2013	Trauma and degenerative disease	T1-S1	CT-navigation	505	2422	1.2	L-96.4	Fluoro- scopy	501	2002	4.4	L-93.9	R
							T-95.5					T-79.0

R: Retrospective; P: Prospective; N/A: Not applicable.