Evaluation of an opioid-sparing protocol for spine surgeries performed in an ambulatory surgery center

Table 7 Subgroup analysis of lumbar laminectomy/discectomy perioperative and 30-day outcomes, n (%)/mean ± SD/median (25^th-75^th percentile)

	Usual care (n = 131)	Opioid-sparing protocol (n = 59)	P value
Perioperative ASC outcomes
Intraoperative MME1	25.0 (25.0-37.5)	25.0 (25.0-34.0)	0.259
Minutes in OR	96.2 ± 19.6	99.3 ± 22.9	0.375
PACU opioids	80 (61.1)	29 (49.2)	0.168
PACU MME1	5.0 (0.0-10.0)	0.0 (0.0-5.0)	0.002
LOS hours	3.8 ± 1.3	3.3 ± 1.2	0.005
Postoperative MME1	140.0 (105.0-150.0)	30.0 (30.0-50.0)	< 0.001
30-day postoperative outcomes
Call back for pain	42 (32.1)	13 (22.0)	0.216
ED return	10 (7.6)	3 (5.1)	0.7582
Readmission	5 (3.8)	3 (5.1)	0.7052
ED return/readmission for pain	5 (3.8)	2 (3.4)	12
Additional opioids prescribed	13 (9.9)	4 (6.8)	0.5912

¹Non-normally distributed data presented as median (25^th-75^th percentile), Mann Whitney U test.

²Denotes Fisher’s Exact test.

ASC: Ambulatory surgery center; MME: Morphine milligram equivalents; OR: Operating room; PACU: Post-anesthesia care unit; LOS: Length of stay; ED: Emergency department.