Evaluation of an opioid-sparing protocol for spine surgeries performed in an ambulatory surgery center

doi:10.5312/wjo.122060

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World Journal of Orthopedics

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2218-5836

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Retrospective Cohort Study

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World J Orthop. Aug 18, 2026; 17(8): 122060
Published online Aug 18, 2026. doi: 10.5312/wjo.122060

Table 4 Postoperative pain management medications by protocol, n (%)

	Usual care (n = 208)	Opioid-sparing protocol (n = 82)	P value
Postoperative multimodal agents prescribed
Diazepam	4 (1.9)	70 (85.4)	< 0.001
Cyclobenzaprine	52 (25.0)	3 (3.7)	< 0.001
Gabapentin or pregabalin	96 (46.2)	66 (80.5)	< 0.001
Acetaminophen	28 (13.5)	60 (73.2)	< 0.001
Postoperative NSAIDs prescribed
Ketorolac	19 (9.1)	69 (84.1)	< 0.001
Ibuprofen	34 (16.3)	16 (19.5)	0.683
Other NSAID	23 (11.1)	61 (74.4)	< 0.001
Postoperative opioids prescribed
Tramadol	9 (4.3)	69 (84.1)	< 0.001
Hydrocodone-acetaminophen	122 (58.7)	-	N/A
Oxycodone-acetaminophen	60 (28.8)	-	N/A
Other opioid	15 (7.2)	-	N/A
Postoperative MME¹	140.0 (105.0-210.0)	30.0 (30.0-30.0)	< 0.001

¹Non-normally distributed data presented as median (25^th-75^th percentile), Mann Whitney U test.

NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; MME: Morphine milligram equivalents.

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Citation: Parker J, Brennan JC, Johnson AH, Peterman MA, Turcotte JJ, Patton CM. Evaluation of an opioid-sparing protocol for spine surgeries performed in an ambulatory surgery center. World J Orthop 2026; 17(8): 122060
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-5836/full/v17/i8/122060.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5312/wjo.122060

Parker J, Brennan JC, Johnson AH, Peterman MA, Turcotte JJ, Patton CM. Evaluation of an opioid-sparing protocol for spine surgeries performed in an ambulatory surgery center. World J Orthop 2026; 17(8): 122060 [DOI: 10.5312/wjo.122060]

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