Evaluation of an opioid-sparing protocol for spine surgeries performed in an ambulatory surgery center

doi:10.5312/wjo.122060

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World Journal of Orthopedics

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2218-5836

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Retrospective Cohort Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Orthop. Aug 18, 2026; 17(8): 122060
Published online Aug 18, 2026. doi: 10.5312/wjo.122060

Table 2 Patient demographics, comorbidities and surgical details by protocol, n (%)/mean ± SD

Demographics/comorbidities	Usual care (n = 208)	Opioid-sparing protocol (n = 82)	P value
Age (years)	55.6 ± 13.5	54.0 ± 13.4	0.358
BMI (kg/m²)	28.8 ± 4.9	28.3 ± 5.5	0.524
Gender			0.569
Male	92 (44.2)	42 (51.2)
Female	116 (55.8)	40 (48.8)
Race			0.854¹
Black	21 (10.1)	6 (7.3)
White	175 (84.1)	71 (86.6)
Other	12 (5.8)	5 (6.1)
CCI score²	1.0 (0.0-2.0)	1.0 (0.0-2.0)	0.562
ASA score			0.169
1	12 (5.8)	9 (11.0)
2	137 (65.9)	56 (68.3)
3	59 (28.4)	17 (20.7)
Depression/anxiety	90 (43.3)	41 (50.0)	0.365
Chronic opioid use	8 (3.8)	7 (8.5)	0.138¹
Current smoker	21 (10.1)	13 (15.9)	0.242
Former smoker	63 (30.3)	17 (20.7)	0.135
Surgical details
Surgery type
Anterior cervical fusion	49 (23.6)	20 (24.4)	1
Lumbar laminectomy/discectomy	131 (63.0)	59 (72.0)	0.190
Posterior lumbar fusion	28 (13.5)	3 (3.7)	0.019¹
Operative levels			0.856
1	174 (83.7)	70 (85.4)
2	34 (16.3)	12 (14.6)

¹Denotes Fisher’s Exact test.

²Non-normally distributed data presented as median (25^th-75^th percentile), Mann Whitney U test.

BMI: Body mass index; CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.

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Citation: Parker J, Brennan JC, Johnson AH, Peterman MA, Turcotte JJ, Patton CM. Evaluation of an opioid-sparing protocol for spine surgeries performed in an ambulatory surgery center. World J Orthop 2026; 17(8): 122060
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-5836/full/v17/i8/122060.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5312/wjo.122060

Parker J, Brennan JC, Johnson AH, Peterman MA, Turcotte JJ, Patton CM. Evaluation of an opioid-sparing protocol for spine surgeries performed in an ambulatory surgery center. World J Orthop 2026; 17(8): 122060 [DOI: 10.5312/wjo.122060]

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