Minimally invasive vertebral augmentation for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures

Table 3 Summary of minimally invasive treatments for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures

Technique	Principle	Advantages	Limitations	Typical indications
Percutaneous vertebroplasty	Direct polymethylmethacrylate cement injection	Rapid pain relief, shorter operative time, lower cost	Limited height restoration, leakage concern	Acute/subacute painful fracture when stabilization is prioritized and procedural burden should be minimized
Percutaneous kyphoplasty	Balloon cavity creation followed by cement filling	Better height restoration, better kyphosis correction, lower-pressure injection	Higher cost, more procedural steps	Acute/subacute fracture with substantial collapse, deformity, or need for partial height restoration
Stent-assisted kyphoplasty	Expandable stent maintains cavity	Potential structural support and resistance to recollapse	Limited evidence, higher cost	Selected severe collapse cases
Navigation- or robot-assisted augmentation	Technology-guided puncture and cement delivery	Higher accuracy, less radiation, potentially better cement distribution	Equipment cost and limited availability	Complex anatomy, difficult puncture, or revision setting