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Systematic Reviews
Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026.
World J Orthop. Jun 18, 2026; 17(6): 119956
Published online Jun 18, 2026. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v17.i6.119956
Table 4 Summary of risk of bias in non-randomized studies of intervention assessments for included papers
ROBINS
Ref.YearConfounding
Selection
Interventions
Deviation
Missing
Outcome
Reporting
Overall
3Albayrak et al[23]2017Serious riskLow riskModerate riskLow riskSerious riskModerate riskLow riskSerious risk
4Kretzschmar[15]2019Serious riskLow riskLow riskLow riskSerious risk
5Yang et al[22]2022Serious riskLow riskModerate riskModerate riskModerate riskModerate riskLow riskSerious risk
6Zhong et al[21]2018Serious riskLow riskModerate riskLow riskModerate riskModerate riskLow riskSerious risk
7Clendenen et al[20]2015Serious riskLow riskModerate riskLow riskSerious risk


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