Hidden blood loss in dual media spinal endoscopy surgery: Analysis of perioperative risk factors

doi:10.5312/wjo.v17.i6.119695

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World Journal of Orthopedics

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2218-5836

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Orthop. Jun 18, 2026; 17(6): 119695
Published online Jun 18, 2026. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v17.i6.119695

Table 1 Patient demographics, mean ± SD

Parameters	Statistics
Total patients (n)	146
Gender (n)
Female	81
Male	65
Age (year)	59.410 ± 13.931
BMI (kg/m²)	24.401 ± 3.416
Hypertension (n)
No	99
Yes	47
Diabetes mellitus (n)
No	124
Yes	22
Fusion level (n)
L3/L4	35
L4/L5	58
L5/S1	53
ASA (n)
1	41
2	51
3	50
4	4
Operating time (hours)	1.456 ± 0.507
PBV (L)	4.037 ± 0.702
TBL (mL)	352.704 ± 176.852
VBL (mL)	43.620 ± 19.301
HBL (mL)	309.088 ± 175.924
Hbpre (g/L)	137.310 ± 15.655
Hctpre (%)	40.910 ± 4.280
Hbpost (g/L)	125.040 ± 14.725
Hctpost (%)	37.440 ± 4.134
Hb loss (g/L)	12.320 ± 6.529
Hct loss (%)	3.469 ± 1.792
PT (second)	11.451 ± 1.389
APTT (second)	30.787 ± 17.115
Platelets (10⁹/L)	211.706 ± 61.040
FIB (g/L)	3.065 ± 0.715

BMI: Body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; PBV: Patient blood volume; TBL: Total blood loss; VBL: Visible blood loss; HBL: Hidden blood loss; Hbpre: Preoperative hemoglobin; Hctpre: Preoperative hematocrit; Hbpost: Postoperative hemoglobin; Hctpost: Postoperative hematocrit; Hb: Hemoglobin; Hct: Hematocrit; PT: Prothrombin time; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; FIB: Fibrinogen.

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Citation: Ye PH, Zhang H, Wu X, Zeng Y, Su SH. Hidden blood loss in dual media spinal endoscopy surgery: Analysis of perioperative risk factors. World J Orthop 2026; 17(6): 119695
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-5836/full/v17/i6/119695.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5312/wjo.v17.i6.119695

Ye PH, Zhang H, Wu X, Zeng Y, Su SH. Hidden blood loss in dual media spinal endoscopy surgery: Analysis of perioperative risk factors. World J Orthop 2026; 17(6): 119695 [DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v17.i6.119695]

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