In knee osteoarthritis, what is the knee deformity threshold after which the ankle realigns beyond the neutral zone?

Table 3 Sex based differences in the demographics and alignment

Variable		Females	Males	P value	Effect size4
Age (year)		56.8 ± 7.9	56.7 ± 8.7	0.8381	NA
HKAA (°)		175.0 (172.0-178.0)	174.0 (172.0-177.0)	0.0182,a	NA
TTA (°)		85.0 (81.0-90.0)	85.0 (81.0-90.0)	0.6922	NA
Knee alignment	Varus	501 (74.2)	131 (77.5)	0.3843	0.05
	Neutral	142 (21.0)	28 (16.6)
	Valgus	32 (4.7)	10 (5.9)
Ankle alignment	Varus	365 (54.1)	94 (55.6)	0.6263	0.03
	Neutral	246 (36.4)	63 (37.3)
	Valgus	64 (9.5)	12 (7.1)

¹Continuous variables were compared using the independent-samples t-test.

²Continuous variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test.

³Categorical variables were compared using the Pearson χ² test.

⁴Effect size quantified using Cramér’s V, interpreted as negligible (< 0.10), small (0.10-0.19), moderate (0.20-0.39), or strong (≥ 0.40).

^aP < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.

Data were presented as n (%) or mean ± SD or median (interquartile range). HKAA: Hip to knee to ankle angle; TTA: Tibiotalar angle; NA: Not applicable.