Effectiveness of motor imagery in postoperative outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Table 2 Outcome evaluations between intervention and control groups

Ref.	Measured outcomes	Results
Almuhaya et al[12], 2023	Kinesiophobia (TSK)	Improved TSK (P = 0.026) and ACL-RSI (P = 0.009) in cases than controls, no significant difference in IKDC (P = 0.42) between groups
	Return to sport (ACL-RSI)
	Functional status (IKDC)
Lee et al[14], 2023	Knee strength (biodex isokinetic dynamometer)	No significant difference in muscle strength (P = 0.25 to 0.96), knee laxity (P = 0.96), and subjective knee evaluation (P = 0.99) between groups
	Knee laxity (KT1000)
	Functional status (IKDC)
D’Isanto et al[13], 2022	Pain (VAS score)	Greater psychological readiness (P < 0.01) and lower postoperative pain in cases than controls
	Psychological readiness (ACL-RSI)
Lyles et al[17], 2014	Pain (VAS score)	Improved postoperative pain (P = 0.0018), AROM (P = 0.0004), PROM (P = 0.0011), and Lysholm score (P = 0.044)
	ROM (AROM and PROM in flexion)
	Functional status (Lysholm)
Rhim et al[8], 2020	Kinesiophobia (TSK)	No significant difference in self-efficacy (P = 0.808), return to sport (P = 0.574), kinesiophobia (P = 0.888), and KOOS subscales (P = 0.236 to 0.916) between groups
	Return to sport (ACL-RSI)
	Self-efficacy (K-SES)
	Functional status (KOOS)
Maddison et al[16], 2012	Self-efficacy (AISEQ)	Improved postoperative knee laxity (P < 0.05) favoring the intervention
	Knee strength (180/second, 60/second)	No significant difference for knee strength for extension at 180/second (P = 0.67) or 60/second (P = 0.48)
	Knee laxity (KT1000)	Fairly stable self-efficacy between weeks 6 to weeks 12 in cases than controls
Lebon et al[4], 2012	Preoperative perception of pain (0-100 scale)	Improved crutches (P < 0.01), walking (P = 0.01), and exercise (P < 0.05) SE in cases than controls only at predischarge, better IKDC 6 weeks postop, less crutches use time in cases than controls (P < 0.01)
	Preoperative anxiety (STAI)
	Self-efficacy (CSE, WSE, ESE)
	Functional status (IKDC subjective and objective)	No significant difference in preoperative anxiety reduction, preoperative perception of pain reduction (P = 0.52), and postoperative ROM (P = 0.36) between groups
	ROM by goniometry
	Crutches use time
Maddison et al[15], 2006	Pain (0-10 scale)	Improved pain in cases than controls (P < 0.05). Greater post-op knee strength in cases than controls (P < 0.02). Reduced re-injury anxiety in cases than controls (P < 0.05)
	Reinjury anxiety (0-10 scale)
	Knee strength (cybex 6000)
	Isokinetic dynamometer)

TSK: Tampa scale of kinesiophobia; ROM: Range of motion; AROM: Active range of motion; PROM: Passive range of motion; K-SES: Knee Self Efficacy Scale; STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; CSE: Crutches self-efficacy; WSE: Walking self-efficacy; ESE: Exercise self-efficacy; AISEQ: Athletic Injury Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; KOOS: Knee Injury And Osteoarthritis Outcome Score; ACL-RS: Anterior cruciate ligament-return to sport after injury; QOL: Quality of life; IKDC: International knee documentation committee; EMG: Electromyography; VAS: Visual analogue scale.