Management and prevention of iatrogenic ipsilateral femoral neck fracture during intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft

Table 1 Etiological classification of iatrogenic femoral neck fractures (n = 18)

Etiology	Number of cases	Timing of diagnosis	Displacement status	Fixation method used
Erroneous entry point	6	Intraoperative	4 undisplaced, 2 displaced	Long PFN (5), CCS (1)
Inadvertent jig hammering	5	Intraoperative	3 undisplaced, 2 displaced	Long PFN (3), CCS (2)
Misdirected nail manipulation	3	Intraoperative	2 undisplaced, 1 displaced	Long PFN (2), CCS (1)
Hoop stress-related fracture	3	Postoperative (≤ 4 weeks)	1 undisplaced, 2 displaced	CCS (2), hemiarthroplasty (1)
Unexplained origin	1	Immediate postoperative	Displaced	CCS (1)

PFN: Proximal femoral nail; CCS: Cannulated cancellous screw.