Music therapy for anxiety reduction in non-acute surgical fracture patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 2 Analysis of the efficacy of music therapy on anxiety

Intervention measures	The number of included studies	Sample size		Heterogeneity test			Meta-analysis results
		Intervention group	Control group	I2 (%)	P value	Effect model	SMD (95%CI)	P value
Musical therapy	12	628	629	93.00	< 0.001	Random	-2.09 (-2.63 to -1.55)	< 0.001
Listening - based music therapy	7	349	350	92.60	< 0.001	Random	-2.38 (-2.58 to -2.18)	< 0.001
Visual music therapy	3	197	196	79.30	0.008	Random	-1.95 (-2.19 to -1.71)	< 0.001
Traditional five - tones therapy	2	82	83	94.50	< 0.001	Random	-1.01 (-1.34 to -0.67)	< 0.001

SMD: Standardized mean difference; CI: Confidence interval.