Necessity of grafting in scaphoid nonunion fixation: A comparative outcome analysis

Table 2 Clinical and radiological outcomes following scaphoid nonunion management, n (%)/mean ± SD

Clinical and radiological findings	All participants (n = 44)	Fixation groups			Grafting subgroups
		Graft-less group (n = 21)	Graft-augmented group (n = 23)	P value	NVBG subgroup (n = 12)	VBG subgroup (n = 11)	P value
Operative time (minutes)	83.2 ± 35.9	47.6 ± 8.3	115.8 ± 11.8	< 0.001a	112.08 ± 15.3	120.00 ± 3.8	0.1
Surgical approach	Dorsal (n = 25), volar (n = 7), mini-dorsal (n = 12)	Mini-dorsal (n = 12), dorsal (n = 9)	Dorsal (n = 16), volar (n = 7)		Dorsal (n = 5), volar (n = 7)	Dorsal (n = 11)
Follow-up duration (month)	27.52 ± 3.1	28.0 ± 3.3	27.08 ± 2.9	0.3	27.9 ± 3.1	26.18 ± 2.7	0.3
Radiological findings
Healing
Nonunion	8 (18.2)	5 (23.8)	3 (13)	0.3	1 (8.3)	2 (18.2)	0.5
Union	36 (81.8)	16 (76.2)	20 (87)		11 (91.7)	9 (81.8)
Healing time (weeks)	14.1 ± 2.5 (n = 36)	16.2 ± 2 (n = 16)	12.5 ± 1.4 (n = 20)	< 0.001a	12.2 ± 1.25 (n = 11)	13 ± 1.6 (n = 9)	0.2
Clinical findings
Flexion ROM (°)	72.05 ± 6.4	73.5 ± 7.7	70.6 ± 4.5	0.1	70.8 ± 5.1	70.4 ± 4.1	0.8
Extension ROM (°)	63.75 ± 8.7	64.04 ± 10.2	63.4 ± 7.2	0.8	63.7 ± 6.4	63.2 ± 8.4	0.8
Total ROM (°)	135.8 ± 14	137.6 ± 17	134.1 ± 10.9	0.4	134.5 ± 10.9	133.6 ± 11.4	0.8
Radial deviation (°)	13.86 ± 3.8	15.5 ± 3.8	12.3 ± 3.1	0.004a	13.4 ± 2.4	11.09 ± 3.4	0.07
Ulnar deviation (°)	26.18 ± 6.8	30.9 ± 5.7	21.8 ± 4.6	< 0.001a	22.5 ± 4.8	21.2 ± 4.4	0.5
VAS
Median (min-max)	0 (0-3), 0.48 ± 0.9	0 (0-3), 0.38 ± 0.86	0 (0-3), 0.56 ± 1	0.5	0 (0-2), 0.16 ± 0.57	0 (0-3), 1 ± 1.2	0.5
Grip strength (kg)	44.56 ± 7.7	46.3 ± 7.04	43.02 ± 8.15	0.1	45.4 ± 3.1	40.4 ± 11.0	0.1
Grip strength ratio (%)	88.38 ± 5.9	91.3 ± 4.6	85.6 ± 5.7	< 0.001a	86.2 ± 5.2	85.1 ± 6.4	0.6
MMW score	90.8 ± 8.7	94.3 ± 8.2	87.6 ± 8.1	0.01a	90.4 ± 7.5	84.5 ± 7.8	0.08

^aP < 0.05.

NVBG: Non-vascularized bone graft; VBG: Vascularized bone graft; ROM: Range of motion; VAS: Visual analogue scale; MMW score: Mayo modified wrist score.