Natural bioactive compounds in estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis: Classification and an integrated gut microbiota-metabolite-immune-bone framework

Figure 3 This figure presents a mechanistic hypothesis in which miRNAs and extracellular vesicles participate in the regulation of the gut-bone axis. Host-derived miRNAs may be transported into the gut via extracellular vesicles and influence microbial composition by regulating microbial gene expression, while dietary nutrients and gut microbial metabolism may further modulate the balance between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation through host miRNA-mRNA networks and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal miRNAs.