Natural bioactive compounds in estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis: Classification and an integrated gut microbiota-metabolite-immune-bone framework

Figure 1 This figure systematically summarizes the microbiota-dependent classification of natural bioactive compounds in the context of estrogen deficiency, including phytoestrogens, polyphenols and flavonoids, polysaccharides and dietary fibers, probiotics/postbiotics, dietary interventions, and complex herbal formulations or natural extracts. SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids; FMT: Fecal microbiota transplantation.