Occult syndesmotic injury in chronic lateral ankle instability treated with Broström repair and suture-button stabilization

Table 2 Preoperative and postoperative Visual Analogue Scale, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, Foot and Ankle Ability Measure, and Karlsson scores, Friedman statistics, exact P values, and paired effect sizes, mean ± SD

Score	VAS	AOFAS	FAAM	Karlsson
Preoperative	3.00 ± 1.32	69.69 ± 12.11	69.67 ± 12.15	64.00 ± 11.86
Friedman χ2 (df = 3); P	37.59; < 0.001	40.49; < 0.001	40.83; < 0.001	41.35; < 0.001
1 year postoperative	0.62 ± 1.02	90.56 ± 8.64	87.65 ± 11.30	86.12 ± 9.96
Raw P; adjusted P; Cohen’s dz	0.000122; 0.000366; -1.46	0.000031; 0.000092; 1.77	0.000031; 0.000092; 1.66	0.000031; 0.000092; 2.07
3 years postoperative	0.56 ± 0.81	91.12 ± 7.54	88.17 ± 10.86	87.12 ± 9.34
Raw P; adjusted P; Cohen’s dz	0.000031; 0.000092; -1.85	0.000031; 0.000092; 2.00	0.000031; 0.000092; 1.76	0.000031; 0.000092; 2.38
5 years postoperative	0.44 ± 0.63	92.06 ± 6.89	89.21 ± 10.19	88.12 ± 8.69
Raw P; adjusted P; Cohen’s dz	0.000031; 0.000092; -2.03	0.000031; 0.000092; 2.06	0.000031; 0.000092; 1.94	0.000031; 0.000092; 2.40

n = 16 at every time point. Friedman χ² statistics have 3 degrees of freedom. Raw two-sided exact Wilcoxon signed-rank P values and Bonferroni-adjusted P values are reported for each postoperative-versus-preoperative comparison (three planned comparisons per outcome). Cohen’s dz is the mean within-patient change divided by the standard deviation of within-patient changes; negative Visual Analogue Scale values indicate pain reduction. Injury-to-surgery interval was 21.0 months (interquartile range, 8.25-120.0 months). AOFAS: American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society; FAAM: Foot and Ankle Ability Measure; VAS: Visual Analogue Scale.