Advances in polymer-based hydrogel systems for adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells toward bone regeneration

Figure 3 Schematic representation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells-laden hydrogels for bone regeneration. The hydrogel matrix incorporates extracellular matrix components, such as collagen, fibrin, and hyaluronic acid, along with bioactive molecules, such as ascorbic acid, dexamethasone, and β-glycerophosphate to enhance osteogenic differentiation. Various sources of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, including subcutaneous adipose tissue, bone marrow adipose tissue, infrapatellar fat pad, and visceral adipose tissue, contribute to the regenerative potential. The combined effect of these components facilitates bone tissue regeneration by promoting osteogenic differentiation and extracellular matrix deposition. AD-MSC: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells.