Advances in polymer-based hydrogel systems for adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells toward bone regeneration

Figure 2 Classification of hydrogels in bone tissue engineering based on molecular bonding and function. Physically crosslinked hydrogels rely on non-covalent interactions, while chemically crosslinked hydrogels form stable covalent bonds via Schiff base formation, click chemistry, or Michael’s addition. Functional categorization includes cell-encapsulated hydrogels, which provide biomimetic microenvironments for bone regeneration, and stimuli-responsive hydrogels, which dynamically adapt to external physical, chemical, and biochemical cues, enhancing regenerative capabilities.