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Retrospective Cohort Study
©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Orthop. Sep 18, 2025; 16(9): 110859
Published online Sep 18, 2025. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v16.i9.110859
Table 2 Summary of study design, groups, and variables
Parameter
Description
Study designMulticenter retrospective cohort study
Study periodJanuary 2023–December 2023
Total patients120
Surgical approachesDeltoid split (n = 70), deltopectoral (n = 50)
Inclusion criteriaAge > 18, Neer type II–IV, closed fracture, open reduction and internal fixation, 12-month follow-up
Exclusion criteriaOpen/pathological fractures, prior surgery, incomplete data, polytrauma
Implant typeAnatomical locking plate
Outcomes measuredConstant-Murley, Quick-Disabilities in Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire, Numeric Rating Scale, Short Form Health Survey-12v2
Radiographic evaluationHead-shaft angle, calcar restoration, complications
Statistical analysist-test, Mann–Whitney U, χ2, Fisher’s exact; P < 0.05


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