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Retrospective Cohort Study
©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Orthop. Sep 18, 2025; 16(9): 110386
Published online Sep 18, 2025. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v16.i9.110386
Table 1 Subject demographics of Novation, Alteon, and aggregate antioxidant groups, n (%)

Novation (n = 461)
Alteon (n = 989)
Aggregate antioxidant (n = 39964)
Novation vs aggregate, P value
Alteon vs aggregate, P value
Age - mean (SD)72.55 (5.92)74.01 (6.43)72.92 (6.30)0.21< 0.0001
Follow-up (months) - mean (SD)33.07 (8.59)14.84 (8.20)53.21 (24.01)< 0.0001< 0.0001
Sex 0.120.30
Female291 (63.26)572 (57.84)23722 (59.54)--
Male169 (36.74)417 (42.16)16121 (40.46)--
Unknown10121--
Charlson index – mean (SD)2.89 (0.91)3.18 (1.16)3.00 (1.09)0.01< 0.0001
Primary OA diagnosis 0.40< 0.0001
Yes439 (95.85)838 (88.68)37305 (94.88)--
No19 (4.15)107 (11.32)2014 (5.12)--
Unknown344645--


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