Postural correction training improves chronic pain, nerve function, and inflammation in knee osteoarthritis: A retrospective cohort study

Table 5 Comparison of treatment effectiveness, n (%)/mean ± SD

Characteristics	Ineffective (n = 19)	Effective (n = 81)	Statistical value	P value
Gender			0.102	0.750
Male	14 (73.68)	65 (80.25)
Female	5 (26.32)	16 (19.75)
Age			0.226	0.635
< 70 years	11 (57.89)	42 (51.85)
≥ 70 years	8 (42.11)	39 (48.15)
Body mass index (kg/m2)	23.68 ± 0.94	23.47 ± 1.06	0.807	0.421
Duration of disease (months)	33.27 ± 5.18	34.05 ± 5.17	0.588	0.558
Diabetes			0.000	1.000
Present	3 (15.79)	13 (16.05)
Absent	16 (84.21)	68 (83.95)
Hypertension			0.000	1.000
Present	3 (15.79)	12 (14.81)
Absent	16 (84.21)	69 (85.19)
Osteoporosis			0.033	0.856
Present	5 (26.32)	23 (28.40)
Absent	14 (73.68)	58 (71.60)
Smoking			0.014	0.906
Present	2 (10.53)	12 (14.81)
Absent	17 (89.47)	69 (85.19)
Alcohol abuse			0.022	0.883
Present	4 (21.05)	21 (25.93)
Absent	15 (78.95)	60 (74.07)
Joints involved			0.000	1.000
Single knee	4 (21.05)	16 (19.75)
Both knees	15 (78.95)	65 (80.25)
Joint effusion			6.380	0.012
Present	6 (31.58)	6 (7.41)
Absent	13 (68.42)	75 (92.56)
K-L staging			6.389	0.011
I-II	11 (57.89)	70 (86.42)
III-IV	8 (42.11)	11 (13.58)
Flexion contracture of varus deformity			5.788	0.016
≤ 5°	12 (63.16)	72 (88.89)
> 5°	7 (36.84)	9 (11.11)
Intervention mode			5.263	0.022
Routine intervention	14 (73.68)	36 (44.44)
Postural correction training	5 (26.32)	45 (55.56)
Number of lesions (n)	2.89 ± 0.57	2.65 ± 0.50	1.827	0.071
Number of joint spaces (n)	2.58 ± 0.51	1.57 ± 0.50	7.931	0.000
Baseline VAS score (points)	6.37 ± 0.90	6.38 ± 1.01	0.053	0.958
Baseline IL-1β (ng/L)	18.95 ± 2.99	18.35 ± 2.69	0.859	0.392
Baseline IL-6 (ng/L)	26.60 ± 4.36	26.01 ± 3.19	0.670	0.505
Baseline TNF-α (ng/L)	35.23 ± 5.23	35.98 ± 5.40	0.505	0.615
Baseline CRP (mg/L)	12.92 ± 2.54	12.81 ± 2.44	0.181	0.857

IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; IL-6: Interleukin-6; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; CRP: C-reactive protein; VAS: Visual analog scale.