Comparison of clinical outcomes between biportal and uniportal full-endoscopy techniques in lumbar spinal stenosis with bilateral symptoms

Figure 2 Illustrative instances of bilateral symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis managed using the uniportal full-endoscopy technique. A: Uniportal full-endoscopy technique (single channel); B: Articular process resection executed with a trephine in uniportal endoscopy; C: Radiofrequency hemostasis under uniportal endoscopy; D: Articular process resection executed with a trephine in uniportal endoscopy; E: Laminectomy by endoscopic punch; F: Osteophyte decompression by endoscopic high-speed grinding drill; G: Resection of ligamentum flavum by endoscopic punch; H: Exploring the proximal endpoint of the ligamentum flavum using a nerve hook; I: Exploring the distal endpoint of the ligamentum flavum using a nerve hook; J: Exploring the lateral endpoint of the ligamentum flavum using a nerve hook; K: Hemostasis on nerve tissue using spinal radiofrequency; L: Neural relaxation post-decompression.