Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Orthop. Jul 18, 2025; 16(7): 107698
Published online Jul 18, 2025. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v16.i7.107698
Figure 1
Figure 1 Illustrative cases utilizing the spine biportal full-endoscopy technique for managing lumbar spinal stenosis with bilateral symptoms. A: Full uniportal endoscopic mode (single channel); B: Full unilateral biportal endoscopy mode (dual channels); C and D: Observation channel and working channel interchanged mode; E: Dual working channel mode; F: Hemostasis using spinal radiofrequency in the uniportal mode; G: Articular process resection executed with a trephine within the uniportal framework; H: Decompression performed utilizing an endoscopy punch in the uniportal mode; I: Herniated nucleus pulposus probed using radiofrequency within the uniportal mode; J: Radiofrequency-induced soft tissue ablation conducted in the biportal mode; K: Osteotome-driven decompression carried out in the biportal configuration; L: Decompression accomplished through a conventional punch in the biportal mode; M: Nerve root loosening subsequent to decompression.