Effect of blood flow restriction on muscle strength and stability following foot and ankle injury: A systematic review

Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

Ref.	Title	Study design	Country	Sample size (n)	Male (n)	Female (n)	Age (mean)	Blood flow restriction indication	Study population
Burkhardt et al[16]	Effects of Blood Flow Restriction on Muscle Activation During Dynamic Balance Exercises in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability	RCT	United States	25	15	10	20.3	Chronic ankle instability	Young adults with a history of chronic ankle instability
Mahmoud et al[17]	Effect of Blood Flow Restriction as a Stand-Alone Treatment on Muscle Strength, Dynamic Balance, and Physical Function in Female Patients with Chronic Ankle Instability	RCT	Saudi Arabia	39	0	39	23.5	Chronic ankle instability	Female patients with a history of chronic ankle instability
Okamura et al[18]	Effect of Neuromuscular Electrostimulation with Blood Flow Restriction on Acute Muscle Swelling of the Abductor Hallucis	RCT	Japan	48	24	24	21	Injuries associated with a low medial longitudinal arch	University students with abductor hallucis pathology
Wen et al[19]	Effect of Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training on Patients with Functional Ankle Instability: A Randomized Controlled Trial	RCT	China	46	20	26	21.9	Functional ankle instability	Young adults with a history of functional ankle instability
Werasirirat and Yimlamai[8]	Effect of Supervised Rehabilitation Combined with Blood Flow Restriction Training in Athletes with Chronic Ankle Instability: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial	RCT	Thailand	16	12	4	20.5	Chronic ankle instability	Collegiate athletes with a history of chronic ankle instability
Clark et al[20]	Effects of Blood Flow Restriction on Balance Performance During Dynamic Balance Exercises in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability	Prospective	United States	25	9	16	20.8	Chronic ankle instability	Young adults with a history of chronic ankle instability
Killinger et al[21]	The Effects of Blood Flow Restriction on Muscle Activation and Hypoxia in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability	Prospective	United States	19	9	10	21.8	Chronic ankle instability	Young adults with a history of chronic ankle instability
Larsen et al[22]	Blood-Flow Restricted Exercise Following Ankle Fractures	Prospective	Denmark	8	3	5	33	Non-specific ankle fracture	Adults with a history of unilateral ankle fracture
Yow et al[23]	Blood Flow Restriction Training After Achilles Tendon Rupture	Case Series	United States	2	2	0	33.5	Achilles tendon rupture	Male soldiers with a history of left Achilles tendon rupture
Mortensen et al[24]	Low-Load Blood-Flow-Restricted Exercise to Prevent Muscle Atrophy and Decline in Functional Performance in a Patient Recovering from a Malleolus Fracture	Case Report	Denmark	1	0	1	28	Lateral malleolus fracture	Female with a history of lateral malleolus fracture

RCT: Randomized control trial.