Artificial intelligence-based diagnosis of hallux valgus interphalangeus using anteroposterior foot radiographs

Figure 5 Bland-Altman plots. A: Agreement between the first and second manual measurements (O_A2vs O_B); B: Comparison between the artificial intelligence (AI)-generated measurements and the manual measurement of the first orthopedist (AI vs O_A2); C: Comparison between the AI-generated measurements and the manual measurement of the second orthopedist (AI vs O_B). The plot indicates the mean difference (bias) and limits of agreement, helping to assess systematic differences and consistency between repeated manual measurements. AI: Artificial intelligence; LoA: Limits of agreement; O: Orthopedic surgeons.