Advances in research of neutrophil extracellular trap formation in osteoarticular diseases

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of suicidal NETosis. 1: Receptor-mediated stimulus detection initiates the signaling cascade; 2: The Raf/MEK/ERK pathway activation and elevated calcium levels trigger gp91phox phosphorylation, enabling nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase assembly and reactive oxygen species generation; 3: Reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanisms facilitate nuclear translocation of azurophilic granule components (elastase and myeloperoxidase), inducing chromatin decondensation and nuclear morphological changes; 4: Nuclear envelope disintegration allows mixing of decondensed chromatin with cytoplasmic proteins; 5: Plasma membrane rupture results in the release of chromatin-protein complexes as extracellular traps. Created by Figdraw, ID: SPUAUc244c. TLR: Toll-like receptor; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; PKC: Protein kinase C; PAD4: Peptidyl arginine deiminases 4; NE: Neutrophil elastase; MPO: Myeloperoxidase.