Halo gravity traction for pediatric scoliosis and kyphoscoliosis: A review of current evidence and best practices

Table 4 Results of other methods of spinal deformity correction by temporary internal distraction devices

Ref.	Sample size	Preoperative deformity	Deformity after temporary internal distraction (stage 1)	Deformity after final fusion (stage 2)	Complication	Blood loss	FEV1%	FVC%	Loss of correction at final follow up
Cheng et al[38]	18	Cobb angle: 129.8°; K angle: 94.7°	Cobb angle: 70.5°; K angle: 46.2°	Cobb angle: 51.8°; K angle: 32.9°	Intraoperative loss of SSEP signals in 1 case; pleural effusion in 2 cases; subcutaneous hydrops in 1 case; no permanent neurodeficit, infection, implant failure	211 mL in stage 1; 1597 mL in stage 2	58.6 to 67.6 (stage 1)	61.2 to 70.3 (stage 1)	3.3° of coronal correction and 2.6° of sagittal correction lost at final follow up
Hu et al[37]	11	Cobb angle: 149°; K angle: 79°	Cobb: 79°; K angle: 59°	Cobb angle: 55°; K angle: 35°	Paralytic ileus in 1 which resolved conservatively; no neurodeficit; no implant failure	210 mL in stage 1; 1512 mL in stage 2	61.4 to 71.3 (stage 1); 71.3 to 76.3 (stage 2)	59.3 to 68.7 (stage 1); 68.7 to 71.2 (stage2)	No significant deterioration in spinal alignment or PFT
Buchowski et al[35]	10	Cobb angle: 104°	Cobb angle: 49°	Cobb angle: 20°	Spontaneous pneumothorax in one case; one death unrelated to surgery; no neurodeficit, infection or implant failure	NR	NR	NR	NR

SSEP: Somatosensory evoked potentials; K: Kyphosis; NR: Not report; FEV1: Forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC: Forced vital capacity; PFT: Pulmonary function test.