Robot-assisted vs conventional lumbar interbody fusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis of perioperative, radiographic, and clinical outcomes

Figure 2 Comparative outcomes of robot-assisted vs comparator pedicle screw placement techniques. A: Comparative accuracy of pedicle screw placement (grade A) across studies for robot-assisted (RA) vs comparator techniques. RA consistently achieved higher grade A placement rates compared to fluoroscopy-guided, freehand, or navigation-assisted approaches; B: Operative time comparisons (in minutes) between RA and comparator techniques across studies. Each pair of bars represents the mean operative times for RA and comparator groups within the same study, highlighting the trend toward slightly longer RA times due to the learning curve and robotic setup, although in some studies RA times were shorter; C: Comparison of facet joint violation (FJV) rates across studies. Each pair of bars represents the FJV rates for RA and comparator groups within each study, illustrating the consistent reduction in FJV rates with RA techniques; D: Revision rates (in%) of RA vs comparator techniques across studies. Each pair of bars represents the revision rates for RA and comparator groups within the same study. RA: Robot-assisted; FJV: Facet joint violation.