Robot-assisted vs conventional lumbar interbody fusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis of perioperative, radiographic, and clinical outcomes

Table 1 Summary of included studies

Ref.	Country	Study design	Procedure type	Sample size (RA/comparator)	Robotic platform	Comparator type
Wang et al[1], 2023	China	Prospective	MIS-TLIF	61/62	TiRobot	Freehand fluoroscopy
Tong et al[2], 2024	China	Retrospective	OLIF	16/22	Third-gen Mazor X navigation robot	Fluoroscopy
Shafi et al[3], 2022	United States	Retrospective	MIS-TLIF	92/130	ExcelsiusGPS	Intraoperative navigation
Griepp et al[4], 2024	United States	Retrospective	MIS-TLIF	50/133	Mazor X Stealth robot	Fluoroscopy-assisted
Lin et al[5], 2022	Taiwan	Retrospective	MIS-TLIF	75/149	ROSA	Freehand fluoroscopy
Li et al[6], 2025	China	Retrospective	LLIF	31/28	TianJi Robot	Traditional LLIF
Heath et al[7], 2024	Taiwan	Retrospective	MIS-TLIF	42/58	ROSA ONE	O-arm navigation
Chang et al[11], 2022	China	Prospective	MIS-TLIF	26/32	TiRobot	MIS-TLIF
Lai et al[15], 2022	Taiwan	Retrospective	TLIF	29/79	Renaissance	Freehand fluoroscopy
Zhang et al[20], 2019	China	Prospective	TLIF	43/44	TiRobot	FG
Zhang et al[21], 2019	China	Prospective	TLIF	50/50	Robot assisted	FG
Chen et al[22], 2021	China	Retrospective	MIS-TLIF	52/52	TiRobot	Freehand open TLIF
Cui et al[23], 2021	China	Retrospective	MIS-TLIF	23/25	TiRobot	Open TLIF surgery
Feng et al[24], 2020	China	RCT	OLIF	40/40	TiRobot	Open freehand fluoroscopy
Li et al[25], 2024	China	Retrospective	MIS-TLIF	58/56	Tianji Robot	Freehand fluoroscopy
Han et al[26], 2021	China	Retrospective	OLIF vs TLIF	28/33	TiRobot	MIS-TLIF
De Biase et al[27], 2021	United States	Retrospective	MIS-TLIF	52/49	Mazor X	FG
Fayed et al[28], 2020	United States	Retrospective	MIS-TLIF	103/90	ExcelsiusGPS	FG
Yang et al[29], 2019	China	Retrospective	MIS-TLIF	30/30	Robot-assisted surgical system	FG
Schatlo et al[30], 2014	Germany	Retrospective	TLIF	55/40	Mazor	FG
Li et al[31], 2024	China	Retrospective	RA MIS-TLIF (group A) vs RA UBE-T/PLIF (group B) vs traditional MIS-TLIF (group C)	A: 27, B: 30, C: 26	Tianji Robot (3rd Gen)	Traditional MIS-TLIF
Li et al[32], 2022	China	Retrospective	RA MIS-TLIF	33/39	Tianji Robot	Traditional MIS-TLIF

RA: Robot-assisted; MIS-TLIF: Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion; OLIF: Oblique lumbar interbody fusion; LLIF: Lateral lumbar interbody fusion; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; UBE-T: Unilateral biportal endoscopy-transforaminal; PLIF: Posterior lumbar interbody fusion; FG: Fluoroscopy-guided.