High efficiency pathway for lower limb orthopedic surgery: A matched historic cohort study

Table 3 Pre- and post-match outcomes

	Pre-match1		Post-match2		Mean difference or odds ratio3 (95%CI)	P value	E value (5%CL)
	Traditional (n = 553)	High efficiency (n = 838)	Traditional (n = 429)	High efficiency (n = 429)
Total recovery time (minute), median [IQR]	133 [102-169]	68 [51-90]	133 [100-171]	67 [49-88]	-63 (-69 to -57)	< 0.001a	6.2
Preoperative time (minute), median [IQR]	40 [32-54]	42 [31-58]	39 [32-52]	41 [31-59]	-2 (-4 to 1)	0.17
Operating time (minute), median [IQR]	59 [43-76]	40 [27-52]	59 [43-77]	39 [27-51]	-20 (-23 to -17)	< 0.001a	4.2
Total length of stay (minute), median [IQR]	324 [279-380]	238 [203-275]	320 [275-378]	236 [205-273]	-84 (-92 to -75)	< 0.001a	5.7
Phase 1 recovery utilization, n/total, n (%)	458/553 (82.8)	45/838 (5.4)	403 (93.4)	26 (6.1)	0.016 (0.010-0.026)	< 0.001a	15.3
Opioid utilization, n/total, n (%)	175/553 (31.6)	87/745 (11.7)	139 (32.4)	45 (10.5)	0.24 (0.17-0.36)	< 0.001a	3.5

¹Outcomes under pre-matched samples were unadjusted, presented as median and IQR, or number and percentage.

²Outcomes from matched samples were adjust from multivariable regression model taking age, body mass index, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists and surgical types as co-variates, presented as median and IQR, or number and percentage.

³Mann-Whitney U test was used for continuous outcomes and Fisher’s exact test for categorical outcomes.

^aP < 0.05 indicates statistically significant, compared post-matched samples between high efficiency and traditional groups.