Application prospects of urine-derived stem cells in neurological and musculoskeletal diseases

Table 2 Reprogramming methods of urine-derived stem cells

Reprogramming method	Vectors	Factors	Ref.
SeV	SeV	OSKM	[15,43,44,48,49,58,60,63,71]
		OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, LIN28
		JDP2, JHDM1B, MKK6, GLIS1, NANOG, ESSRB, SALL4
Exogenous plasmids	Epi	KLD4, MYC, OCT4, SOX2, LIN28, shP53
		OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, miR-302-367
		OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, LIN28, KLF4 and MYC	[85,86]
		OCT4, SOX2, SV40 LT, KLF4 and miR302-367
		OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, MYC, KLF4, LIN28
		OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and miR-302-367
	pCXLE-hOCT4-shP53-F, pCXLE-hSK, pCXLE-h UL	OSKM, shP53, LIN28
	TET-ON-induced expression vector	OSKM
	pEP4EO2SET2K	OCT4, SOX2, SV40 LT and KLF4, miR-302b, c, a, d and miR-367
SM		Cyclic pifithrin-a, A-83-01, CHIR99021, thiazovivin, NaB, PD0325901
mRNA		OSKM LNg
srRNA		OSKM, NSP 1-4
Lentivirus	Lentiviral vectors	OSKM

ESSRB: Estrogen related receptor beta; Epi: Episomal vector; JHDM1B: Jumonji C domain-containing histone demethylase 1B; KLD4: Kelch domain-containing protein 4miR: MicroRNA; MKK6: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6; NaB: Sodium butyrate; NSP: Non-structural proteins; OSKM: Octamer-binding transcription factor 4, sex determining region Y-box transcription factor 2, kruppel-like factor 4, and myelocytomatosis oncogene; SeV: Sendai virus; shP53: P53 short-hairpin RNA; SM: Small molecules; srRNA: Self-replicating mRNA; SV40 LT: Simian virus 40 large T antigen.