Technological advancements in the analysis of human motion and posture management through digital devices

Table 3 Studies investigating the reliability of rasterstereography to evaluate the spine

Ref.	Aim	Coort	Results	Conclusion
Mohokum et al[84], 2010	To determine reproducibility of rasterstereography for kyphotic and lordotic angles, trunk length, and trunk inclination	51 healthy volunteers	Cronbach-α for the intratester-reliability of the kyphotic angle ICT-ITL (max.) between 0.921 and 0.992. The intertester-reliability for the same parameter is 0.979 (95%CI)	The reliability revealed good results, both for intratester and for intertester reliability of rasterstereography in kyphotic and lordotic parameters trunk length and trunk inclination
Guidetti et al[85], 2013	To determine intra- and interday reliability of spine rasterstereographic system Formetric 4D with and without reflective markers.	26 healthy volunteers with markers (M), 26 healthy volunteers without markers (NM)	In M group, for intra- and interday reliability coefficients were 0.971, 0.963, and 0.958 (ICC) and 0.987, 0.983, and 0.985 (Cα) for trunk length, kyphotic angle, and lordotic apex, respectively. In NM group, they were 0.978, 0.982, and 0.972 and 0.989, 0.991, and 0.991 for trunk length	The presence of the markers is not necessary for the intraday evaluations and can play a disturbing role for the interday evaluations, because of the repositioning process
Michalik et al[86], 2020	To study the spinal and pelvic position under dynamic conditions and compare it to static measurements using a rasterstereographic system.	121 healthy volunteers (56 females; 65 males)	Trunk inclination (5.31° vs 6.74°), vertebral kyphotic angle (42.53° vs 39.59°), and surface rotation (3.35° vs 3.81°) increase under dynamic conditions (P < 0.001). Trunk shows significant changes during walking compared to static conditions (P < 0.001)	The spinal posture differs between females and males during standing and during walking. Rasterstereography is a valuable tool for the dynamic evaluation of spinal posture and pelvic position
Albertsen et al[91], 2018	To investigate whether the clinical Matthiass test can be objectified by means ofdynamic rasterstereography in children.	101 healthy children	Cluster analysis identified two groups with different postural performance levels during the modified Matthiass Test. Low performers showed a higher increase in backward lean, kyphosis and lordosis (4°–5°, respectively) compared to high performers	Modified Matthiass Test applied with Rasterstereography can discriminate between low and high posture profile among children