Mixed reality for visualization of orthopedic surgical anatomy

Table 1 Studies of implementation of mixed reality for visualization of orthopedic surgical anatomy, with patient outcomes

Ref.	Operation	Effects of MR on visualization of orthopedic surgical anatomy	Patient outcomes
Gregory et al[8]	Reverse shoulder arthroplasty	Accurate visualization of the patient’s anatomy	A postoperative CT scan confirmed the adequate position of the prosthesis, while the patient experienced no peri- or postoperative complications
Wei et al[10]	Percutaneous kyphoplasty to treat an osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture with intravertebral vacuum cleft	The surgeon could obtain accurate guidance to the intravertebral vacuum cleft area during the operation	Vertebral height improvement, cement diffusion and pain relief were significantly better in the MR group in comparison with the traditional C-arm fluoroscopy group
Gu et al[13]	Lumbar pedicle-screw placement	The implantation accuracy with the use of MR was significantly higher in comparison with traditional screw placement	Significantly less bleeding and operative time, faster recovery, significantly better pain scores at 1 month postoperatively with MR, in comparison with traditional screw placement
Lei et al[14]	Total hip arthroplasty	The patient's virtual bone, as well as the other anatomical structures, were accurately superimposed on the patient’s body	The range of motion for the hip joint was within the normal range, while the patient’s recovery was reported to be good and he was discharged without obvious surgical complications

CT: Computed tomography; MR: Mixed reality.