Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: Emerging need for novel biomarkers

Table 1 Risk factors for the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UVA, UVB)

Therapy with methoxalen and UVA

Fair skin type

Ionizing radiation

Genodermatosis (albinism, xeroderma pigmentosum, epidermolysis bullosa)

Chronic inflammation of skin (lupus erythematosus, epidermolysis bullosa)

Chronically injured skin with ulcers (burn scars, leg ulcers, epidermolysis bullosa)

Human papilloma virus infection

Exposure to chemical carcinogens

Immunosuppression

Immunosuppressive medications

Organ transplantation

Osteomyelitis

Sinus tracts

Precursor lesions (actinic and arsenical keratoses)

In situ squamous cell carcinoma (Bowen’s disease and Erythro plasia Queyrat)

Tobacco smoking

Leukemia and lymphoma

Originated from Madan et al[2], with permission.