Early detection of gallbladder cancer: Current status and future perspectives

Table 8 Genetic biomarkers associated with gall bladder cancer

Types of genetic markers	Genes	Ref.
Inflammatory markers	CR1, PTGS2 (cyclooxygenase), TLR, sTNFR2, IL-6, sTNFR1, CCL20, VCAM-1, IL-16, G-CSF, TGFb1, IL-8, MMP-2,7,9	[128-134]
Metabolic pathway genes	CYP1A1, Ile462Val (rs1048943), (Japanese and Hungarian population), IVS1 + 606 (rs2606345) T allele of CYP1A1 (Chinese population), GSTM1 (Bolivian population), MTHFR, APOB, NAT2, GSTT1, GSTP1 CYP17, LDLR, LPL, ALOX5, ABCG8, CETP, LAPAP1, ApoB, CYP17A1ADRB3	[135-146]
DNA repair pathway genes	CC genotype of TP53 (India), ERCC2, IVS1 + 9G > C in the MSH2, Ser326Cys in the 8-OGG1, EX5-25C>T in the O6-aky guanine DNA acyltransferase (MGMT), APEX1, RAD23B, FEN1	[147-150]
Hormone pathway genes	CCKAR, ESR1, ESR2, CYP1A1, CYP19A, HSD3B2, RXR- a PPARD	[151-156]
Apoptosis pathway	DR4 haplotype C rs20575 A rs20576 A rs6557634, caspase-8	[157-158]
Cancer Stem cell gene	CD44, NANOG, ALCAM, EpCAM, SOX-2, OCT-4, and NANOG	[159]
MiRNA	hsa-miR-146a, hsa-mir-196a2, hsa-mir-499 miR-27a (rs895819) A>G	[160,161]
WNT signalling pathway	SFRP4, DKK2, DKK3, APC, AXIN-2, Β-CATENIN, GLI-1	[162]
Genome-wide association study	SERPINB5, BCL10, CD44, ARHGEF11 SERPINB2, RELA, PAK4, PPARD and BUB1B. SNP rs7504990 in the DCC (Japan), SNPs in ABCB1 and ABCB4 genes (India)	[163-165]
Others	KRAS (codon 12,13,61), c-erb-B2, ACE I/D, DNMT3B, VDR	[166-171]