Early detection of gallbladder cancer: Current status and future perspectives

Table 1 Patients at high risk of developing gallbladder cancer

Serial number	High risk factors	Ref.
1	Age (≥ 50 years), socioeconomic status (≤ below poverty line), bowel habits (≤ once a day), tap water drinking, number of pregnancies (≥ 3 pregnancies), multiparity (≥ 3 babies)	[7]
2	Female sex	[8]
3	Residence in the Gangetic belt, consumption of tea, tobacco, joint family structure, chemical exposure, fried food, high levels of secondary bile salts	[9]
4	Females with more than two children, mustard oil consumption, low socioeconomic strata age of menarche less than 14 years, age of the first child birth less than 20 years, Presence of gall stone	[10]
5	Long-standing gallstone disease, female	[11]
6	Female, older age, solitary stones and stones size more than one centimetre	[12]
7	Increase in the number and size of the stones	[13]
8	Women, long history of gall stone disease	[14]
9	Weight, volume and size of the stones increases the changes in the gall bladder mucosa changes from cholecystitis, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, to carcinoma	[15]
10	Stone size, solitary polyps with a size of greater than 1 cm that are echogenic, sessile, and high cell density, AJPBD, porcelain gallbladder	[16]
11	Patients with history of salmonella and helicobacter infection	[17]
12	Primary sclerosing cholangitis	[18]
13	Cholelithiasis, females with gallstones in their sixth decade, multiple stones	[19]
14	Higher stone volume	[20]
15	High soil arsenic levels, residence in gangetic belt	[21]
16	Smoking, cholelithiasis, alcohol consumption, typhoid in the past, post-menopausal women	[22]
17	Helicobacter pylori infection	[23]
18	Females, consumption of mustard oil, family history, low socioeconomic status and drinking water from hand pump	[24]

AJPBD: Anomalous junction of pancreaticobiliary ducts.