Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease and obstructive sleep apnea: A cohort analysis of prevalence and hepatic outcomes

Table 4 Multivariable cox proportional hazards model assessing predictors of progression to hepatic disease

Covariate	HR	95%CI	P value
Age at index	1.008	(1.007-1.008)	< 0.0001
Male	1.449	(1.436-1.463)	< 0.0001
Race/ethnicity
White	1.143	(1.123-1.163)	< 0.0001
Black or African American	1.054	(1.033-1.076)	< 0.0001
Asian	1.01	(0.981-1.041)	0.4884
American Indian or Alaska Native	0.968	(0.908-1.031)	0.3110
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	1.074	(1.026-1.125)	0.0022
Hispanic or Latino	1.062	(1.040-1.084)	< 0.0001
Not Hispanic or Latino	0.939	(0.928-0.951)	< 0.0001
Comorbidities
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	0.989	(0.976-1.002)	0.0832
Hypertension	1.246	(1.232-1.26)	< 0.0001
Heart failure	1.009	(0.991-1.028)	0.3288
Chronic kidney disease	0.996	(0.977-1.016)	0.6856
Overweight and obesity	1.828	(1.809-1.847)	< 0.0001
Nicotine dependence	1.031	(1.017-1.046)	< 0.0001
Alcohol abuse	1.025	(0.995-1.055)	0.0983

Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95%CIs from a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model evaluating demographic factors, race/ethnicity, and comorbidities associated with progression to hepatic outcomes in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Covariables include age, sex, race/ethnicity categories, cardiometabolic conditions, substance use, and obesity status. An HR > 1 indicates increased risk while an HR < 1 indicates reduced risk of hepatic progression. All variables were included in the fully adjusted model. HR: Hazard ratios.