Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease and obstructive sleep apnea: A cohort analysis of prevalence and hepatic outcomes

Table 1 Baseline characteristics before and after propensity score matching, n (%)/mean ± SD

Characteristics	Before PSM				After PSM
	MASLD with OSA	MASLD without OSA	P value	SD	MASLD with OSA	MASLD without OSA	P value	SD
Total	403008	1222421			364283	364283		0.021
Age, years	55.6 ± 13.3	52.3 ± 15.3	< 0.001	0.229	55.3 ± 13.4	55.6 ± 13.9	< 0.001	0.014
Sex
Male	211174 (52.4)	573207 (46.9)	< 0.001	0.111	188288 (51.7)	185011 (50.8)	< 0.001	0.018
Female	191713 (47.6)	649214 (53.1)	< 0.001	0.111	175995 (48.3)	179272 (49.2)	< 0.001	0.018
Race/ethnicity
White	308039 (76.5)	866921 (70.9)	< 0.001	0.126	276739 (76.0)	278846 (76.5)	< 0.001	0.014
Hispanic or Latino	37325 (9.3)	178649 (14.6)	< 0.001	0.166	35576 (9.8)	3346 (9.2)	< 0.001	0.021
Not Hispanic or Latino	303603 (75.4)	834983 (68.3)	< 0.001	0.157	271870 (74.6)	275494 (74.6)	< 0.001	0.023
Black or African American	41535 (10.3)	110525 (9.0)	< 0.001	0.043	36865 (10.1)	37170 (10.2)	0.237	0.003
Asian	11546 (2.9)	60485 (4.9)	< 0.001	0.108	11286 (3.1)	10761 (3.0)	< 0.001	0.008
American Indian or Alaska native	2264 (0.6)	7879 (0.6)	< 0.001	0.011	2080 (0.6)	1756 (0.5)	< 0.001	0.012
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander	2745 (0.7)	6543 (0.5)	< 0.001	0.019	2395 (0.7)	2326 (0.6)	< 0.001	0.002
BMI	37.5 ± 8.4	32.2 ± 7.2	< 0.001	0.671	36.9 ± 8.4	34.9 ± 7.6	< 0.001	0.026
BMI categories by kg/m2
30-35	152703 (37.9)	322388 (26.4)	< 0.001	0.249	135568 (37.2)	141766 (38.9)	< 0.001	0.035
35-40	144999 (36.0)	198160 (16.2)	< 0.001	0.462	116641 (32.0)	119757 (32.9)	< 0.001	0.018
> 40	133046 (33.0)	127239 (10.4)	< 0.001	0.57	99003 (27.2)	96295 (26.4)	< 0.001	0.017
Comorbidities
Diabetes mellitus type 2	157762 (39.2)	226779 (18.6)	< 0.001	0.467	129485 (35.5)	129766 (35.6)	0.492	0.002
Hypertensive diseases	277537 (68.9)	461297 (37.7)	< 0.001	0.657	239666 (65.8)	241545 (66.3)	< 0.001	0.011
Chronic kidney disease	48146 (12.0)	58410 (4.8)	< 0.001	0.261	37269 (10.2)	36589 (10.0)	0.008	0.006
Heart failure	47743 (11.9)	38808 (3.2)	< 0.001	0.334	32445 (8.9)	30314 (8.3)	< 0.001	0.021
Hyperlipidemia	205319 (51.0)	312041 (25.5)	< 0.001	0.542	172507 (47.4)	173106 (47.5)	0.160	0.003
Nicotine dependence	71558 (17.8)	147476 (12.1)	< 0.001	0.160	61281 (16.8)	60543 (16.6)	0.021	0.005
Alcohol abuse	14672 (3.6)	38466 (3.1)	< 0.001	2.027	12975 (3.6)	11750 (3.2)	< 0.001	0.019

Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of adults with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease with and without obstructive sleep apnea before propensity score matching. Standardized differences quantify covariable imbalance with values > 0.1 indicating clinically meaningful differences. The P values represent group comparisons using χ² tests for categorical variables and t tests for continuous variables. Body mass index categories reflect World Health Organization obesity classifications. Note: After propensity score matching, covariate balance was primarily assessed using standardized mean differences, with values < 0.1 indicating adequate balance. Statistically significant P values for some variables may persist due to the very large sample size and do not necessarily indicate meaningful residual imbalance. BMI: Body mass index; MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; OSA: Obstructive sleep apnea; PSM: Propensity score matched.