Artificial intelligence in the management of inflammatory bowel disease: What’s next?

Table 3 Performance of therapeutic prediction models in assessing response to common biologic therapies in inflammatory bowel disease

Ref.	Model	Drug name	Outcome	Key performance metrics
Telesco et al[110]	LR	Golimumab	Mucosal healing at week 6	AUC = 0.688
Chen et al[111]	ANN	Infliximab	PNR at weeks 6 and 14	RNA model: AUC = 0.850
Feng et al[112]	RF, ANN	Infliximab	PNR at week 14	AUC = 0.81
Ghiassian et al[118]	PNN	Infliximab	Inadequate response at weeks 4-6 and 8	AUC = 0.83
Mishra et al[120]	RF	Infliximab	Clinical remission at week 14	DNAm-DEGs: AUC = 0.88
Derakhshan Nazari et al[113]	LASSO, ensemble ML	Infliximab	Improvement in symptoms, endoscopic activity, histologic scores	Accuracy = 73%-95%
Ye et al[114]	LASSO, RF, SVM-RFE	Infliximab	Endoscopic or histological activity at weeks 6 and 14	AUC = 0.912-0.920
Zhang et al[121]	LASSO	Infliximab	PNR at week 14 vs NDR at weeks 22-52	AUC = 0.812-0.888
Konikoff et al[129]	CatBoost	Infliximab and vedolizumab	Drug sustainability at week 54	AUC = 0.86
Joustra et al[119]	Stability selected gradient boosting	Tofacitinib	Disease response after week 8	AUC = 0.74
Lees et al[126]	RF, LR	Tofacitinib	Partial Mayo score response at weeks 4 and 8	AUC = 0.74-0.85
Chaparro et al[124]	GAM	Ustekinumab	Clinical remission	AUC = 0.796
Doherty et al[122]	RF	Ustekinumab	Therapeutic response at week 6	AUC = 0.733-0.844
He et al[115]	LASSO	Ustekinumab	Disease response by CDAI	AUC = 0.734
Koustenis et al[116]	XGBoost, XRT, DRF GBM, GLM	Ustekinumab	Clinical remission at 6 months	AUC = 0.925-1.0
Morikubo et al[16]	SVM, RF, LR, KNN	Ustekinumab	Steroid-free clinical remission at week 22	Accuracy = 56.5%-69.6%
Chen et al[125]	ENRR, RF, SMOTE	Vedolizumab	Clinical remission at week 52	AUC = 0.811
Waljee et al[26]	RF	Vedolizumab	Corticosteroid-free biologic remission at week 52	AUC = 0.65-0.75
Waljee et al[123]	RF	Vedolizumab	Corticosteroid-free endoscopic remission at week 52	AUC = 0.62-0.73
Dulai et al[127]	LR (VDZ-CDST)	Vedolizumab	Clinical and corticosteroid-free remission, mucosal healing, deep remission at week 26	AUC = 0.66-0.75
Alric et al[128]	LR (VDZ-CDST)	Vedolizumab and ustekinumab	Steroid-free clinical remission at week 48	Vedolizumab: AUC = 0.69; ustekinumab: AUC = 0.52

Select studies showing the performance of machine learning models in predicting various forms of response to therapy such as primary non-response, non-durable response, clinical, endoscopic or histologic remission. LR: Logistic regression; ANN: Artificial neural network; RF: Random forest; PNN: Probabilistic neural network; LASSO: Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; SVM: Support vector machine; RFE: Recursive feature elimination; GAM: Generalized additive model; XGBoost: Extreme gradient boosting; XRT: Extreme random trees; DRF: Distributed random forest; GBM: Gradient boosting machine; GLM: Generalized linear model; KNN: K-nearest neighbors; ENRR: Elastic-net-regularization regression; SMOTE: Synthetic minority over-sampling technique; VDZ-CDST: Vedolizumab clinical decision support tool; CDAI: Crohn’s disease activity index; DNAm: DNA methylation; DEGs: Differentially expressed genes; ML: Machine learning; AUC: Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.