Evolving role of radiation therapy in advanced/metastatic intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Table 2 Summary of key studies on stereotactic body radiation therapy in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Ref.	Unresectable/metastatic	No.	Follow up (months)	mOS (months)	mPFS (months)	Adverse effects
Tse et al[50], 2008	Unresectable	10	NA	15	NA	RILD: 0%
Tao et al[20], 2016	Unresectable	79	33	30	30	Biliary complication: 33%
Liu et al[56], 2017	Unresectable	12	29	12.6	NA	RILD: 0%
Chen et al[51], 2010	Unresectable	35	7	9.5	NA	Grade II transaminitis
Weiner et al[57], 2016	Unresectable	12	8.8	13.2	24.7	Grade 3/4 reaction: 16%
Zhang et al[23], 2023	Unresectable	43	15	12	6	RILD: 0%
Shen et al[58], 2017	Unresectable	28	16	15	11	RILD: 7.1%
Kozak et al[59], 2020	Unresectable	25	18	23	NA	NA
Sharma et al[60], 2025	Unresectable/metastatic	17	14	21	10	RILD: 0%

RILD: Radiation-induced liver disease; M1: Metastatic; mOS: Median overall survival; mPFS: Median progression-free survival; NA: Not available.