Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: Evolution, gastrointestinal adverse effects, and future directions

Table 4 Frequency of gastrointestinal adverse events in clinical trials with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in people with obesity or Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Adverse events	Exenatide (%)	Liraglutide (%)	Semaglutide (%)	Dulaglutide (%)	Lixisenatide (%)	Tirzepatide (%)
Abdominal pain	Reported	5.40	5.7-20	6.5-9.4	2-2.2	5-10
Biliary diseases	1.99	2.22	0.52	1.55	0.78	-
Antibody formation	6-64	< 12	0.5-3	1.6-6	2.40	51-64.5
Constipation	2.10	4.8-19.4	3.1-24	3.7-3.9	2.80	6-17
Diarrhea	6-18	9.3-22.4	8.5-30	8.9-12.6	8	12-23
Hypoglycemia	1.7-5.2	1.6-24.2	1-6	Reported	2	0.3-4.2
Injection site reaction	1.6-23.9	2-13.9	0.2-1.4	0.5-3.9	4	3.2-8
Nausea	8-44	23.9-42.4	11-44	12.4-21.1	< 25	12-29
Vomiting	3.4-13	8.7-34.4	5-36	6-12.7	< 10	5-13
Dizziness	2.5-9	5.8-12.1	0.4-8	-	7	4-5
Anorexia	1-2	10	-	4.9-8.6	-	5-11
Fatigue	-	4.8-7.5	0.4-11	4.2-5.6	-	5-7
Fever	-	8	-	-	-	-
Pharyngitis	-	-	12	-	-	-

Values correspond to the minimum and maximum values reported across the literature.