Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: Evolution, gastrointestinal adverse effects, and future directions

Table 1 Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists	Injection frequency	Manufacturer	Approval year	Dosage concerns in hepatic patients	Dosage concerns in renal patients
Short-acting agonists
Exenatide	Twice daily	AstraZeneca	2011	Safe	Avoid if eGFR less than 30 mL/minute/1.73 m2
Lixisenatide1	Once daily	Sanofi	2013	Safe	Avoid if eGFR less than 15 mL/minute/1.73 m2
Long-acting agonists
Liraglutide	Once daily	Novo nordisk	2009	Safe	Safe
Exenatide extended-release	Once weekly	AstraZeneca	2017	Safe	Avoid if eGFR less than 45 mL/minute/1.73 m2
Semaglutide	Once weekly	Novo nordisk	2017	Safe	Safe
Dulaglutide	Once weekly	Eli lilly	2014	Safe	Safe
Albiglutide	Once weekly	Glycogen synthase kinase	2014	Safe	Safe
Tirzepatide	Once weekly	Eli lilly	2023	Safe	Safe

¹Sanofi discontinued lixisenatide from the United States market in 2023 for business reasons.

EGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate.