Update on diagnostic value of breath test in gastrointestinal and liver diseases

Table 3 Representative diagnostic accuracy in terms of sensitivity and specificity of various breath tests available for clinical use

Test	Indication	Sensitivity and specificity
Glucose hydrogen breath test	SIBO	62% and 83%[7]
Lactulose hydrogen breath test	SIBO	31% and 86%[5]
13C-glycocholate breath test	SIBO	76% and 33%[69]
13C-xylose breath test	SIBO	89% and 30%[69]
Fructose hydrogen breath test	Carbohydrate malabsorption	98% and 86%[65]
Lactose hydrogen breath test	Carbohydrate malabsorption	80% and 100%[66]
13C-lactose breath test	Carbohydrate malabsorption	84% and 96%[70]
13C-urea breath test	H. pylori infection	96% and 93%[39]
13C-aminopyrine breath test	Evaluation of liver function	85.7% and 67.5%[58]
13C-methacetin breath test	Evaluation of liver function	92.6% and 94.1%[67]
13C-phenacetin breath test	Evaluation of liver function	98% and 60%[68]
13C-mixed triglycerides breath test	Evaluation of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency	89% and 81%[56]
13C-octanoic acid breath test	Assessment of gastric emptying	67% and 80%[71]

SIBO: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth; 13C: 13 carbon.