Faecal incontinence: Current knowledges and perspectives

Table 2 Level of scientific evidence for current treatments in faecal incontinence according to the Haute Autorité de Santé (French High Autority of Health)

Therapeutic modality	Levels of scientific evidence
Conservative treatment
Hygiene and diet control
Diet restriction	V
High fiber diet	II (Liquid stools)
	I (Constipation)
Pharmacological therapy
Anti-motility drugs	I (Liquid stools)
Stool-bulking agents	IV
Cholestyramine	IV
Topical agents or oral treatment to enhance anal canal tone	V
Hormone replacement therapy	V
Suppositories, rectal irrigation, oral laxatives	I (Constipation)
Perineal rehabilitation
Pelvic floor exercises	V
Anal electrostimulation	IV
Biofeedback therapy	II
Other conservative treatments
Posterior tibial nerve stimulation	III
Transanal irrigation	I
Anal plugs	V
Minimally invasive treatment
Sacral neuromodulation	IV
Antegrade irrigation	V
Anal radiofrequency	V
Intrasphincteric injections	V
Surgical treatment
Sphincter repair	II
Graciloplasty	V
Artificial sphincter	V
Colostomy	V