Intra-abdominal pressure: Time ripe to revise management guidelines of acute pancreatitis?

Table 4 Ways in which intra-abdominal hypertension/abdominal compartment syndrome can be predisposed in patients with acute pancreatitis

Diminished abdominal wall compliance

Prone positioning, head of bed > 30°

High body mass index, central obesity

Acute respiratory failure, especially with elevated intrathoracic pressure

Edema due to excess fluid administered during resuscitation

Increased intra-luminal contents

Gastroparesis

Ileus

Colonic pseudo-obstruction

Increased abdominal contents

Ascites (due to causes such as acute fluid collections, liver dysfunction)

Capillary leak / fluid resuscitation (overload)

Acidosis (pH < 7.2)

Hypotension

Hypothermia (core temperature < 33 °C)

Coagulopathy (platelets < 55000/mm3 or prothrombin time > 15 s or partial thromboplastin time > 2 times normal or international standardised ratio > 1.5)

Massive fluid resuscitation (> 5 L/d)

Oliguria

Sepsis