Magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers of gastrointestinal motor function and fluid distribution

Table 1 Magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers of gastrointestinal motor function and fluid distribution

Biomarker	Method	Ref.
Gastric emptying	Time courses of gastric volumes, ROI analysis	[18-21]
Gastric secretion volume	T1 mapping, dilution of a meal labeled with gadolinium contrast agent	[19,67]
Gastric motility	Cine-MRI	[23]
Small bowel motility	Cine-MRI, image registration, standard deviation of the Jacobian	[28,29]
Small bowel water content	Heavily T2 weighted imaging, ROI analysis using calibrated threshold	[61]
Oro-cecal transit time	Arrival of the head of a meal in the cecum	[65]
Colonic volumes	ROI analysis	[58,59]
Colon water content	Heavily T2 weighted imaging, ROI analysis using calibrated threshold	[74]
Colon motility	Cine-MRI, image registration, line ROI analysis	[28]
Whole gut transit	T1-weighted imaging, capsules filled with water and gadolinium contrast agent	[65]
Colonic chyme relaxometry	T1 and T2 measurements	[61,74]

MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; ROI: Region of interest.