Elusive liver factor that causes pancreatic α cell hyperplasia: A review of literature

Table 1 Genes significantly overexpressed in the Gcgr^-/- mouse liver

Gene symbol	mRNA description	GO biological process term	Fold increase
Cdkn1a	Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (P21), transcript variant 1	Response to DNA damage stimulus/cell cycle/cell cycle arrest/negative regulation of cell proliferation	5.6
Igfbp1	Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1	Regulation of cell growth	5.5
Defb1	Defensin beta 1	Defense response/response to bacterium/defense response to bacterium/innate immune response	5.2
Gpr64	G protein-coupled receptor 64, transcript variant 1	Signal transduction/cell surface receptor linked signaling pathway/G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway/neuropeptide signaling pathway	5.1
Serpina7	Serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 7	Post-embryonic development/response to vitamin A/response to drug	4.9
Cpt1b	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle, nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein	Lipid metabolic process/fatty acid metabolic process/transport/long-chain fatty acid transport/long-chain fatty acid transport	4.6
Chac1	ChaC, cation transport regulator-like 1 (E. coli)	Apoptosis/response to unfolded protein/biological_process	4.3
Npas2	Neuronal PAS domain protein 2	Transcription/regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent/signal transduction/circadian sleep/wake cycle/regulation of transcription/locomotor rhythm/positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter/rhythmic process	3.9
Slc34a2	Solute carrier family 34 (sodium phosphate), member 2	In utero embryonic development/transport/ion transport/sodium ion transport/phosphate transport/phosphate transport/phosphate transport	3.6
Fabp5	Fatty acid binding protein 5, epidermal	Glucose metabolic process/lipid metabolic process/phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process/transport/glucose transport	3.5
BC023105	cDNA sequence BC023105	Unknown	3.1
Cav1	Caveolin 1, caveolae protein	MAPKKK cascade/inactivation of MAPK activity/vasculogenesis/response to hypoxia/negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation/negative regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway/triglyceride metabolic process/calcium ion transport/cellular calcium ion homeostasis/cellular calcium ion homeostasis/endocytosis/regulation of smooth muscle contraction	2.8
Lpl	Lipoprotein lipase	Lipid metabolic process/positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation/lipid catabolic process/triglyceride biosynthetic process/triglyceride catabolic process	2.7
Il22ra1	Interleukin 22 receptor, alpha 1	Blood coagulation	2.6
Acaca	Acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase alpha	Tissue homeostasis/acetyl-CoA metabolic process/lipid metabolic process/fatty acid biosynthetic process/metabolic process/lipid biosynthetic process/response to organic cyclic substance/multicellular organismal protein metabolic process	2.6
Inhba	Inhibin beta-A	Mesoderm formation/hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation/growth/positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter/mesodermal cell differentiation/negative regulation of hair follicle development	2.6
Gadd45b	Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 beta	Activation of MAPKK activity/negative regulation of protein kinase activity/apoptosis/multicellular organismal development/cell differentiation/regulation of cell cycle	2.4
Tgtp1	T-cell specific GTPase 1	Immune response/response to virus	2.4
Rassf4	Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family member 4	Cell cycle/signal transduction	2.4
Cxcl13	Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13	Chemotaxis/inflammatory response/immune response/lymph node development	2.4
Il1b	Interleukin 1 beta	Angiogenesis/fever/inflammatory response/immune response/elevation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration/aging	2.4
Tgtp1	T-cell specific GTPase 1	Immune response/response to virus	2.3
Asns	Asparagine synthetase	Asparagine biosynthetic process/glutamine metabolic process/metabolic process/cellular amino acid biosynthetic process	2.3
Socs2	Suppressor of cytokine signaling 2, transcript variant 1	Lactation/regulation of growth/regulation of multicellular organism growth/negative regulation of multicellular organism growth/negative regulation of multicellular organism growth/positive regulation of neuron differentiation/negative regulation of JAK-STAT cascade/mammary gland alveolus development	2.3
Meig1	Meiosis expressed gene 1	Meiosis	2.3
Cxcl9	Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9	Inflammatory response/immune response	2.2
Vtcn1	V-set domain containing T cell activation inhibitor 1	Negative regulation of T cell activation	2.2
H2-Ab1	Histocompatibility 2, class II antigen A, beta 1	Antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II/immune response/antigen processing and presentation/antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II	2.2
Spon2	Spondin 2, extracellular matrix protein	Cell adhesion/innate immune response	2.2
Rgs16	Regulator of G-protein signaling 16	G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway/negative regulation of signal transduction	2.1
Il2rg	Interleukin 2 receptor, gamma chain	Regulation of gene expression/positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation/positive regulation of T cell differentiation in the thymus/positive regulation of B cell differentiation	2.1
Wdr67	WD repeat domain 67, transcript variant 1	Regulation of Rab GTPase activity	2.1
Prss8	Protease, serine, 8 (prostasin)	Hair follicle development/proteolysis	2.1
Bach2	BTB and CNC homology 2	Transcription/regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent/regulation of transcription	2.0
Serpina12	Serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 12	Unknown	2.0

E. coli: Escherichia coli.