Acute pancreatitis in children and adolescents

Table 1 Etiology of childhood acute pancreatitis

Congenital anomalies, periampullary obstruction

Choledochal cyst, abnormal union of the pancreaticobiliary junction, gallstone, cholecystitis, pancreatic divisum, tumor, ascaris aberrant

Infectious

Mumps, measles, coxsackie, echo, lota, influenza, epstein-barr virus, Mycoplasma, salmonella, gram-negative bacteria

Drugs

L-asparaginase, steroid, valproic acid, azathioprine, Mercaptopurine, mesalazine, Cytarabine, Salicylic acid, indomethacin, tetracycline, chlorothiazide, isoniazid, anticoagulant drug, borate, alcohol

Trauma

Blunt injury, child abuse, ERCR, After surgery

Systemic disease

Reye syndrom, systemic lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodosa, Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, multiple organ failure, Organ transplantation, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, henoch-schoenlein purpura, kawasaki disease, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, gastric ulcer, anorexia nervosa, food allergy, cystic fibrosis

Metabolic

Hyperlipoproteinemia (I, IV, V), hypercalcemia, diabetes, α1 antitrypsin deficiency

Nutrition

Malnutrition, high-calorie infusion, vitamin A and D deficiency

Others

Familial, idiopathic

ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.