Review to better understand the macroscopic subtypes and histogenesis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Table 9 Pathobiological studies of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma

Ref.	n	Method	Target	Conclusion
Kim et al[85]	58	IHC	YAP1	(+): transition zone, poor prognosis
			EpiCAM	(-)favorable prognosis
			CK19	(-)favorable prognosis
Ikeda et al[86]	36	IHC	DLK1	(+)poor prognosis
Akiba et al[87]	54	IHC	CD56	(+): components apart from HCC
			c-Kit	(+): components apart from HCC
			EpiCAM	(+): components apart from HCC
			CD133	(+): intermediate type or cholangiolocellular type
			Vimentin	(+): intermediate type or cholangiolocellular type
Coulouarn et al[88]	152	Microarray	-	(1) TGFbeta and beta-catenin are identified as the two major signals in the progression of cHCC-CC/
				(2) cHCC-CC shares the characteristics of poorly differentiated HCC.
				(+)poor prognosis
				Both HCC and CC components of most
				Of the cHCC-CC express both AFP and
Cai et al[89]	80	IHC	PCNA	CK19
Itoyama et al[90]	20	IHC	AFP and
			CK19

cHCC-CC: Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma; YAP1: Yes-associated protein 1; EpiCAM: Epithelial cell adhesion molecule; DLK1: Delta-like 1 homolog; PCNA: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen index in nontumor ductular reaction.