Review to better understand the macroscopic subtypes and histogenesis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Table 4 Pathobiological studies of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Ref.	n	Method	Target	Conclusion
Gu et al[32]	85	IHC	E-cadherin	(-)por
			Beta-catenin	(-)por
			Vimentin	(-)por
Yan et al[33]	49	IHC	Smad4	(-)por, advanced stage, LN
Kamphues et al[34]	65	DNA-Cyto	DNA-index	(+)poor prognosis
Mano et al[35]	132	IHC	Roundabout-1	(-)Size, Ki67index, poor prognosis
			Slit-1	(-)PN, LN
Yin et al[36]	411	Serum	γ-glutamyl transferase	(+)V, LN, poor prognosis,
				incomplete encapsulation
Sulpice et al[37]	40	mRNA	Osteopontin	(+)poor prognosis
		(Stroma)	TGFβ2	(+)poor prognosis
			Laminin	(+)poor prognosis
Zhou et al[38]	Cell	mRNA	Notch-1	(+)EMT
	line	Western
Li et al[39]	173	IHC	CKAP4	(+)favorable prognosis
Nanashima et al[40]	38	IHC	CD44	(+)PI-type, poor prognosis
			Gli1	(+)poor prognosis
Nutthasirikul et al[41]	-	mRNA	Δ133p53/TA	(+)poor prognosis
			P53
	-	IHC	Mutantp53	(+)poor prognosis
Zhang et al[42]	33	mRNA	Capn4	(+)LN, advanced stage,
		Western		Poor prognosis
Ding et al[43]	20	IHC	Integrinα6	(+)IM, Size, V, poor prognosis
		Cell	Integrinα6	(-)decrease of metastasis
Aishima et al[44]	134	IHC	Cox-2	(+)poor prognosis, LN
			iNOS	(-) LN
Chen et al[45]	61	IHC	IMP3	(+)Por, advanced stage, V
				poor prognosis, CA19-9

IHC: Immunohistochemistry; mRNA: Real-time polymerase chain reaction; Western: Western blotting; DNA-cyto: DNA image cytometry; Cell: Functional analyses using cell lines; CKAP4: Cytoskeleton-associated protein4; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; IMP3: Insulin-like growth factor II mRNA binding protein.