Body mass index and gastrointestinal inflammation: Bio-molecular pathophysiology

Figure 3 Excess adiposity and Intestinal barrier dysfunction represents an immune–metabolic imbalance driven by excess adipose tissue. Chronic low-grade inflammation marked by increased tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, interleukin-1, resistin, and leptin, and reduced adiponectin, triggers key inflammatory pathways (NF-κB, TLR4, NLRP3), promoting meta-inflammation. TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL: Interleukin 6; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3; LPS: Lipopolysaccharides; CF: Cystic fibrosis; AMPs: Antimicrobial peptides.